ECG recordings were made watching the final group stage match of FIFA World Cup 2018 between Germany and South Korea. In all participants, a high-resolution digital electrocardiography (ECG) was performed in Frank leads configuration in sitting and resting positions. The FIFA World Cup 2018 provided an excellent opportunity to investigate the relation of emotional stress and PRD levels.įor this purpose, we investigated eight healthy individuals, all of them supporters of the German national football team. 8, 10 It is presently unknown whether emotional stress can affect the stability of cardiac electrical activity in healthy individuals. In post-infarction and heart failure patients, increased PRD was shown to be a strong and independent predictor of total mortality, sudden cardiac death, and adequate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)-therapies. 8, 9 Thus, PRD might provide a unique opportunity to mirror sympathetic effects at the level of the left ventricular myocardium. Experimental, electrophysiological, and model-based studies indicated that PRD most likely reflects the effects of phasic sympathetic activation on ventricular myocardial cells. Periodic repolarization dynamics (PRD) is a novel electrocardiographic marker that refers to previously unknown oscillations of cardiac repolarization instability in the low-frequency range. 6 However, sympathetic overactivity may also adversely affect healthy individuals under extreme stress conditions. 5 Previous studies closely linked sympathetic overactivity to adverse outcomes in heart failure patients as well as patients with coronary artery disease. Psychological stress is associated with an imbalance of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, characterized by sympathetic overactivity. 1 During FIFA World Cup 2006, a German study demonstrated significantly increased rates of cardiac emergencies in Bavaria (Germany) during the 12 h before and after matches involving the German national team. During FIFA World Cup 2002, an English study showed an increased risk of hospital admissions for cardiovascular events after England’s loss to Argentina in a penalty shoot-out. 1 – 4 Two of these studies focused on Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup events. However, with our naive approach we were quickly disabused by the disappointing performance of the German football team, and moreover, we had to witness one of Germany’s biggest football disasters evoking deep sadness and anger.Įmotional stress caused by big football events has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndromes, symptomatic arrhythmias, and cerebrovascular events. When planning our study as supporters of the German national team, we intended to analyse the positive emotions of German football supporters until winning the World Cup (according to Gary Lineker’s prediction). This quote by the famous former English footballer Gary Lineker stood strong for many years until the German national football team (Die Mannschaft) had to face one of the darkest chapters in their history: Germany sensationally crashed out of the World Cup group stages and finished bottom of their group after defeat by South Korea. Russia, which made it into Pot 1 because it is the host country, is not grouped with any teams in the top 20, only one team in the top 30 (Uruguay), and the lowest-ranked team in the rest of the field (Saudi Arabia).An ECG-based documentation of Germany’s football disaster in 2018įootball is a simple game 22 men chase a ball for 90 minutes and at the end, the Germans win. Group A, on the other hand, is being described as the "Group of Life" because of the lack of a dominant team. ![]() Group D also deserves some Group of Death mention, with Argentina, Croatia, Iceland, and Nigeria. 1 team in the world Mexico Sweden, which may have been the top team from Pot 3 and South Korea. Group F and Group D appear to be the toughest divisions. A handful of adjustments happened along the way to keep teams of the same region from being in the same group. ![]() ![]() Those were followed by the teams in Pot 2 and so on, with the lowest-seeded teams, in Pot 4, grouped last. In the draw, the 32 countries were divided into four "pots." The top seeds were all placed in Pot 1 and were the first to be assigned to groups. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders.
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